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Skills available for Quebec grade 10 science curriculum

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The Material World

A Properties
- A.3 Properties of solutions
  - A.3.d Concentration
    - A.3.d.iv Determines the concentration of an aqueous solution (g/L, percentage or ppm)
    - A.3.d.v Determines the concentration of an aqueous solution (g/L, percentage, ppm, mol/L)
      - Calculate the molarity, amount of solute or volume of a solution (10-BB.2)
  - A.3.e Electrolytes
    - A.3.e.i Defines the concept of electrolyte
  - A.3.f Strength of electrolytes
    - A.3.f.i Qualitatively speaking, associates the strength of an electrolyte with its degree of dissociation
  - A.3.g pH scale
    - A.3.g.i Describes the pH scale (acidity, alkalinity, neutrality, increasing and decreasing values)
    - A.3.g.ii Determines the pH of a few common substances (e.g. distilled water, rainwater, saliva, lemon juice, cleaners)
  - A.3.h Electrolytic dissociation
    - A.3.h.i Describes electrolytic dissociation
  - A.3.i Ions
    - A.3.i.i Defines the concept of ion
      - Count subatomic particles in atoms and ions (10-R.1)
  - A.3.j Electrical conductivity
    - A.3.j.i Describes the mechanism that allows aqueous solutions to conduct electricity (electrolytic dissolution of a solute, formation of mobile ions)
B Changes
- B.3 Chemical changes
  - B.3.c Oxidation
    - B.3.c.iii Associates a chemical equation in which oxygen is one of the reactants with one of the possible cases of an oxidation reaction
  - B.3.e Combustion
    - B.3.e.i Describes the perceivable manifestations of rapid combustion (e.g. heat, light)
    - B.3.e.ii Explains a combustion reaction using the fire triangle
  - B.3.f Photosynthesis and respiration
    - The chemistry of photosynthesis (10-G.1)
    - The chemistry of cellular respiration (10-G.2)
  - B.3.g Acid-base neutralization reaction
    - B.3.g.i Gives examples of acid-base neutralization reactions (e.g. adding lime to neutralize the acidity of a lake)
    - B.3.g.ii Names the products formed during acid-base neutralization (salt and water)
    - B.3.g.iii Recognizes an acid-base neutralization from its equation
  - B.3.h Salts
    - B.3.h.i Determines the molecular formula of the salt produced by the neutralization of a given acid and a given base
  - B.3.i Types of bonds
    - B.3.i.i Covalent: Defines a covalent bond as a bond resulting from a sharing of electrons; Makes a schematic representation of a covalent bond; Identifies molecules that feature a covalent bond (e.g. N₂, CO₂)
      - Introduction to chemical bonding (10-U.1)
      - Determine which type of chemical bond can form (10-U.2)
    - B.3.i.ii Ionic: Defines an ionic bond as a bond resulting from the gain or loss of electrons; Makes a schematic representation of an ionic bond; Identifies molecules that feature an ionic bond (e.g. NaCl, NH₄OH); Associates an ionic bond with an electrolytic substance
      - Introduction to chemical bonding (10-U.1)
      - Determine which type of chemical bond can form (10-U.2)
  - B.3.j Law of conservation of mass
    - B.3.j.i Explains the law of conservation of mass during a chemical reaction
    - B.3.j.ii Represents the conservation of mass using the particle model
      - Count atoms in chemical reactions using models (10-Y.1)
  - B.3.k Balancing chemical equations
    - B.3.k.i Balances chemical equations
      - Balance chemical equations I (10-Y.3)
  - B.3.l Stoichiometry
    - B.3.l.i Determines the quantities of reactants or products using stoichiometric calculations (gram or mole)
  - B.3.m Endothermic and exothermic reactions
    - B.3.m.i Distinguishes an endothermic reaction from an exothermic reaction according to perceptible signs (e.g. temperature variations, emission of light)
      - Identify exothermic and endothermic processes (10-P.1)
    - B.3.m.ii Distinguishes an endothermic reaction from an exothermic reaction according to the position of the energy term in the chemical equation
- B.4 Nuclear changes
  - B.4.a Nuclear stability
    - B.4.a.i Explains nuclear stability as the case where the nucleus of the atom is held together by an optimal number of neutrons
  - B.4.b Radioactivity
    - B.4.b.i Defines radioactivity as the emission of particles or energy by the nuclei of atoms following nuclear transformations
      - Classify nuclear reactions (10-S.1)
    - B.4.b.ii Associates the use of radioactivity with technological applications (e.g. radiotherapy, dating)
  - B.4.c Fission and fusion
    - B.4.c.i Distinguishes nuclear fission from nuclear fusion
- B.5 Transformation of energy
  - B.5.b Law of conservation of energy
    - B.5.b.i Explains qualitatively the law of conservation of energy
    - B.5.b.ii Applies the law of conservation of energy in different contexts
      - Conservation of mechanical energy (10-GG.1)
  - B.5.c Energy efficiency
    - B.5.c.i Defines the energy efficiency of a device or system as the proportion of energy consumed that is transformed into effective work (amount of useful energy / amount of energy consumed × 100)
    - B.5.c.ii Explains how to improve the energy efficiency of an electrical appliance
  - B.5.d Distinction between heat and temperature
    - B.5.d.i Describes heat as a manifestation of energy
    - B.5.d.ii Describes the relationship between heat and temperature
  - B.5.e Relationship between thermal energy, specific heat capacity, mass and temperature variation
    - B.5.e.i Describes qualitatively the relationship between the change in thermal energy (quantity of heat) of a substance, its mass, its specific heat capacity and the variations in temperature to which it is exposed
    - B.5.e.ii Applies the mathematical relationship between thermal energy, mass, specific heat capacity and temperature variation (∆E = Q = mc∆T)
      - Calculations involving specific heat (10-Q.1)
  - B.5.f Effective force
    - B.5.f.i Defines effective force as the component of the applied force parallel to the direction of travel
    - B.5.f.ii Determines graphically the magnitude of the effective force in a given situation
  - B.5.g Relationship between work, force and distance travelled
    - B.5.g.i Describes qualitatively the relationship between the work done, the force applied on a body and the distance travelled by the body
    - B.5.g.ii Applies the mathematical relationship between work, effective force and distance travelled (W = F∆d)
  - B.5.h Relationship between mass and weight
    - B.5.h.i Describes qualitatively the relationship between mass and weight
    - B.5.h.ii Applies the mathematical relationship between mass and weight (F_g = mg)
  - B.5.i Relationship between potential energy, mass, acceleration and distance travelled
    - B.5.i.i Describes qualitatively the relationship between the potential energy of a body, its mass, its gravitational acceleration and the distance it travels
    - B.5.i.ii Applies the mathematical relationship between potential energy, mass, gravitational acceleration and the distance travelled (E_p = mgh)
  - B.5.j Relationship between kinetic energy, mass and speed
    - B.5.j.i Describes qualitatively the relationship between the kinetic energy of a body, its mass and its speed
    - B.5.j.ii Applies the mathematical relationship between kinetic energy, mass and speed (E_k = ¹/₂mv²)
  - B.5.k Relationship between work and energy
    - B.5.k.i Describes qualitatively the relationship between the work done on a body and the variation in energy within that body
    - B.5.k.ii Applies the mathematical relationship between work and energy (W = ∆E)
C Organization
- C.1 Structure of matter
  - C.1.g Groups and periods
    - C.1.g.i Locates the groups and periods in the periodic table
    - C.1.g.ii Describes the common characteristics of a group (e.g. number of valence electrons, chemical reactivity)
    - C.1.g.iii Associates the number of electron shells in an element with the number of its period
  - C.1.h Rutherford-Bohr atomic model
    - C.1.h.i Describes the Rutherford-Bohr atomic model
    - C.1.h.ii Represents atoms using the Rutherford-Bohr model
      - Count subatomic particles in atoms and ions (10-R.1)
  - C.1.i Neutron
    - C.1.i.i Describes the position and electrical charge of the neutron in an atom
  - C.1.j Simplified atomic model
    - C.1.j.i Represents an atom of a given element using the simplified atomic model
      - Count subatomic particles in atoms and ions (10-R.1)
  - C.1.k Lewis notation
    - C.1.k.i Determines the number of valence electrons in an element
    - C.1.k.ii Represents atoms using Lewis notation
  - C.1.l Nomenclature and notation rules
    - C.1.l.i Applies nomenclature and notation rules to name the molecule or write the molecular formula of binary compounds
      - Name binary ionic compounds (10-V.1)
      - Write chemical formulas of ionic compounds (10-V.3)
  - C.1.m Polyatomic ions
    - C.1.m.i Recognizes the common polyatomic ions (e.g. NH₄⁺, OH^-, NO₃^-, CO₃^2-, SO₄^2-, PO₄^3- ) by their name, their formula or their composition
      - Name ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions (10-V.2)
      - Write chemical formulas of ionic compounds (10-V.3)
  - C.1.n Concept of the mole
    - C.1.n.i Defines the mole as the unit of measure of the amount of a substance
    - C.1.n.ii Expresses an amount of a substance in moles
      - Calculate molar mass (10-X.1)
      - Convert between mass and moles of a substance (10-X.2)
  - C.1.o Avogadro's number
    - C.1.o.i Expresses a quantity of particles using Avogadro's number
- C.2 Periodic classification
  - C.2.a Atomic number
    - C.2.a.i Associates the atomic number of an element with the number of protons it has
      - Count subatomic particles in atoms and ions (10-R.1)
      - Nuclear notation for atoms and ions (10-R.2)
  - C.2.b Isotopes
    - C.2.b.i Defines isotopes as atoms of the same element whose nuclei have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different atomic masses
    - C.2.b.ii Defines a radioactive isotope as an isotope whose atomic nucleus is unstable
  - C.2.c Relative atomic mass
    - C.2.c.i Explains qualitatively the concept of relative atomic mass
  - C.2.d Periodicity of properties
    - C.2.d.i Describes the periodicity of certain properties of elements (e.g. chemical reactivity, atomic radius, electronegativity)
      - Periodic trends: Ionization energy (10-T.1)
F Electricity and electromagnetism
- F.1 Electricity
  - F.1.a Electrical charge
    - F.1.a.i Associates elementary particles with their electrical charge
    - F.1.a.ii Describes the behaviour of electrical charges of opposite signs or of the same sign when close together
  - F.1.b Static electricity
    - F.1.b.i Describes static electricity as the transfer of electrons from one body to another
  - F.1.c Ohm's law
    - F.1.c.i Describes qualitatively the relationship between voltage, resistance and current intensity in an electrical circuit
    - F.1.c.ii Applies the mathematical relationship between voltage, resistance and current intensity in an electrical circuit (V = RI)
      - Ohm's law: voltage, current and resistance (9-U.1)
  - F.1.d Electrical circuits
    - F.1.d.i Describes the function of different elements of an electrical circuit (e.g. the wires transmit electrons along the circuit, resistors transform electrical energy into another form of energy)
    - F.1.d.ii Describes the two types of connections in electrical circuits (series, parallel)
    - F.1.d.iii Distinguishes between alternating and direct current
    - F.1.d.iv Represents a simple electrical circuit using a diagram
  - F.1.e Relationship between power and electrical energy
    - F.1.e.i Applies the mathematical relationship between power, voltage and current intensity in an electrical circuit (P = VI)
    - F.1.e.ii Describes qualitatively the relationship between the power of an electrical appliance, the electrical energy it consumes and the amount of time it is in operation
    - F.1.e.iii Applies the mathematical relationship between electrical energy consumed, the power of an electrical appliance and the amount of time it is in operation (E = P∆t)
  - F.1.f Kirchhoff's laws
    - F.1.f.i Describes the distribution of current in various components of an electrical circuit
    - F.1.f.ii Determines the value of the current flowing in various components of a series or parallel circuit
    - F.1.f.iii Describes the distribution of the voltage across various components of an electrical circuit
    - F.1.f.iv Determines the value of the voltage across various components of a series or parallel circuit
    - F.1.f.v Determines the value of the equivalent resistance of a series or parallel circuit using Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's laws
  - F.1.g Electrical field
    - F.1.g.i Describes qualitatively the effect of an electrical field on electrically charged particles
  - F.1.h Coulomb's law
    - F.1.h.i Applies the mathematical relationship between the electrical force, the magnitude of the electrical charges and the distance separating these charges (F = kq₁q₂/r²)
      - Coulomb's law: electrostatic forces (10-JJ.1)
- F.2 Electromagnetism
  - F.2.a Magnetic field of a live wire
    - F.2.a.i Describes the magnetic field produced by a current-carrying wire (right-hand rule or left-hand rule)
      - Magnets and magnetism (10-KK.2)
    - F.2.a.ii Names ways of modifying the intensity of the magnetic field produced by a current-carrying wire (type of wire, current intensity)
      - Magnets and magnetism (10-KK.2)
  - F.2.b Forces of attraction and repulsion
    - F.2.b.i Compares the behaviour of a compass in the magnetic field of a magnet with the magnetic field created by a current-carrying wire
  - F.2.c Magnetic field of a solenoid
    - F.2.c.i Describes the magnetic field produced by a solenoid (right-hand rule or left-hand rule)
      - Magnets and magnetism (10-KK.2)
    - F.2.c.ii Names ways of changing the intensity of the magnetic field produced by a solenoid (nature of the core, intensity of the current, number of turns)
      - Magnets and magnetism (10-KK.2)
    - F.2.c.iii Explains the use of solenoids in technological applications (e.g. earphones, electric motor, magnetic crane)

The Living World

A Diversity of life forms
- A.1 Ecology
  - A.1.e Study of populations
    - A.1.e.i Describes a given population (density, distribution, biological cycles)
      - Patterns of population growth (10-M.7)
      - How can group behaviour affect survival? Identify evidence to support a claim (10-M.9)
    - A.1.e.ii Describes the influence of biotic or abiotic factors on the biological cycles of a population (natality, mortality, immigration, emigration)
      - Patterns of population growth (10-M.7)
      - Factors affecting carrying capacity (10-M.8)
    - A.1.e.iii Explains how the availability of resources in the environment affects reproduction and survival
      - Factors affecting carrying capacity (10-M.8)
    - A.1.e.iv Defines a community as a group of populations that interact
    - A.1.e.v Defines an ecosystem as the relationships between the individuals in a community and abiotic factors in the environment
  - A.1.f Dynamics of communities
    - A.1.f.i Biodiversity: Defines the biodiversity of a community as the relative abundance of species it comprises; Explains factors that affect the biodiversity of a given community
      - Kelp forests: factors affecting biodiversity (10-N.1)
    - A.1.f.ii Disturbances: Defines a disturbance in a community; Explains the effects of certain factors that disturb the ecological balance (e.g. human activity, natural disasters)
      - Kelp forests: factors affecting biodiversity (10-N.1)
  - A.1.g Dynamics of ecosystems
    - A.1.g.i Trophic relationships: Describes the trophic levels (producers, consumers, decomposers); Explains the relationships between the trophic levels of a food web
      - Interpret a Serengeti food web (10-M.3)
      - Interpret an Antarctic food web (10-M.4)
    - A.1.g.ii Primary productivity: Defines primary productivity as the quantity of organic matter produced by plants in a given territory; Explains the effects of certain factors on primary productivity (e.g. bees help pollinate fruit trees, pathogenic microorganisms hinder plant growth)
    - A.1.g.iii Material and energy flow: Describes material and energy flow in an ecosystem
    - A.1.g.iv Chemical recycling: Describes certain processes underlying chemical recycling (e.g. action of microorganisms and decomposers, erosion)
      - The carbon cycle: biosphere processes and interactions (10-M.5)
      - The carbon cycle: geosphere processes and interactions (10-M.6)
  - A.1.h Ecological footprint
    - A.1.h.i Explains the concept of ecological footprint
  - A.1.i Ecotoxicology
    - A.1.i.i Contaminant: Defines a contaminant as an agent that causes changes in the physical, chemical or biological properties of an environment or an organism
    - A.1.i.ii Bioaccumulation: Defines bioaccumulation as the process by which a contaminant from the environment or food supply accumulates in an organism; Explains bioaccumulation in food chains (biomagnification)
    - A.1.i.iii Bioconcentration: Defines bioconcentration as a special case of bioaccumulation by which an organism accumulates a contaminant through direct contact with its environment (from sources other than food)
    - A.1.i.iv Toxicity threshold: Defines the toxicity threshold of a substance as the minimum concentration of a substance that produces a significant harmful effect in an organism (mg/kg of the organism's mass); Describes factors that influence the toxicity of a contaminant (e.g. concentration, characteristics of the environment into which it is released, nature of the organisms with which it is in contact, duration of exposure)
- A.3 Genetics
  - A.3.a Heredity
    - A.3.a.i Defines heredity
  - A.3.b Gene
    - A.3.b.i Defines a gene as being, in most cases, a DNA segment that carries the code for synthesizing one or more proteins
      - Introduction to the genetic code (10-I.2)
    - A.3.b.ii Describes the composition (nitrogen bases, sugar, phosphate) and the overall structure (bonding of bases on the double helix) of a DNA molecule
      - Structure and function: nucleic acids (10-I.1)
  - A.3.c Character trait
    - A.3.c.i Defines what an hereditary trait is
    - A.3.c.ii Names hereditary traits in an individual or population
  - A.3.d Allele
    - A.3.d.i Defines an allele as a possible form of a gene
  - A.3.e Homozygotes and heterozygotes
    - A.3.e.i Defines a homozygote as an individual with two identical alleles for a particular character trait
      - Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype (10-K.1)
    - A.3.e.ii Defines a heterozygote as an individual with two different alleles for a particular character trait
      - Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype (10-K.1)
  - A.3.f Dominant and recessive
    - A.3.f.i Describes the phenomena of dominant and recessive character traits
      - Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive (10-K.2)
  - A.3.g Genotype and phenotype
    - A.3.g.i Defines genotype
      - Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype (10-K.1)
    - A.3.g.ii Defines phenotype
      - Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype (10-K.1)
    - A.3.g.iii Describes an individual's genotype and phenotype for a character trait (e.g. a bean with a Yellow phenotype may have a Yellow-Yellow genotype or a Yellow-Green genotype)
      - Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype (10-K.1)
  - A.3.h Protein synthesis
    - A.3.h.i Describes the role of DNA in protein synthesis
      - Protein synthesis: transcription (10-J.1)
    - A.3.h.ii Explains the phenomena of transcription and translation of a strand of DNA
  - A.3.i Crossbreeding
    - A.3.i.i Explains the relationship between the crossbreeding carried out by humans on animals and plants and the desired traits obtained
B Life-sustaining processes
- B.1 Life-sustaining processes
  - B.1.f Photosynthesis and respiration
    - B.1.f.ii Represents the photosynthesis reaction in a balanced equation
      - The chemistry of photosynthesis (10-G.1)
    - B.1.f.iv Represents the respiration reaction in a balanced equation
      - The chemistry of cellular respiration (10-G.2)

The Earth and Space

A Characteristics of the Earth
- A.2 Lithosphere
  - A.2.i Minerals
    - A.2.i.ii Distinguishes between minerals and ore
    - A.2.i.iii Describes some of the environmental impacts of mining or of the transformation of minerals
  - A.2.k Soil profile (horizons)
    - A.2.k.i Describes the structure of a soil (superimposition of layers of different compositions and thicknesses)
    - A.2.k.ii Explains the chemical and biological reactivity of a soil based on its composition (e.g. oxidation, acid-base neutralization, decomposition)
  - A.2.l Permafrost
    - A.2.l.i Defines the permafrost as a layer of permanently frozen soil
    - A.2.l.ii Explains some of the consequences of a rise in temperature in the permafrost (e.g. landslides, methane emissions)
  - A.2.m Soil depletion
    - A.2.m.i Explains how human activities contribute to soil depletion
  - A.2.n Buffering capacity of the soil
    - A.2.n.i Defines the buffering capacity of a soil as its ability to limit pH variations
    - A.2.n.ii Explains the advantages of a good soil buffering capacity
  - A.2.o Contamination
    - A.2.o.i Names soil contaminants
  - A.2.p Biogeochemical cycles
    - A.2.p.i Carbon cycle: Describes transformations related to the circulation of carbon (e.g. photosynthesis, plant decomposition, dissolution in water, combustion of fossil fuels)
      - The carbon cycle: biosphere processes and interactions (10-M.5)
      - The carbon cycle: geosphere processes and interactions (10-M.6)
    - A.2.p.ii Nitrogen cycle: Describes transformations related to the circulation of nitrogen (e.g. nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification)
    - A.2.p.iii Phosphorus cycle: Describes transformations related to the circulation of phosphorous (e.g. erosion of rocks, breakdown of fertilizers, metabolism of algae)
- A.3 Hydrosphere
  - A.3.b Catchment area
    - A.3.b.i Defines a catchment area as a territory surrounding a waterway
    - A.3.b.ii Describes some of the impacts of human activity on the waterways in a catchment area
  - A.3.c Salinity
    - A.3.c.i Defines salinity as a measure of the quantity of salt in a solution
    - A.3.c.ii Describes the influence of salinity on the density of a solution
  - A.3.d Oceanic circulation
    - A.3.d.i Describes factors that affect the circulation of surface currents and deep currents (e.g. wind, the Earth's rotation, temperature, salinity, density)
      - Factors affecting climate: surface ocean currents (10-NN.5)
    - A.3.d.ii Describes the role of thermohaline circulation on global climate regulation (e.g. effect of the Gulf Stream on the climate of the east coast of North America)
      - Factors affecting climate: surface ocean currents (10-NN.5)
  - A.3.e Glacier and ice floe
    - A.3.e.i Distinguishes between glaciers and ice floes
    - A.3.e.ii Describes some of the impacts of the melting of glaciers and ice floes (e.g. increase in sea level, disturbance of thermohaline circulation)
  - A.3.f Contamination
    - A.3.f.i Names water contaminants
  - A.3.g Eutrophication
    - A.3.g.i Explains the natural process of eutrophication of a body of natural water
    - A.3.g.ii Explains how human activities accelerate the eutrophication of a body of natural water
- A.4 Atmosphere
  - A.4.b Greenhouse effect
    - A.4.b.i Describes the greenhouse effect
      - The greenhouse effect (10-MM.4)
    - A.4.b.ii Explains some of the consequences of a higher concentration of greenhouse gases (e.g. global warming that could result in higher sea levels, disturbances in ecosystems or the melting of glaciers)
      - The greenhouse effect (10-MM.4)
  - A.4.c Air mass
    - A.4.c.i Describes the properties of an air mass (temperature, humidity, pressure)
    - A.4.c.ii Explains the formation of clouds when two different air masses meet
  - A.4.d Atmospheric circulation
    - A.4.d.i Describes the main factors responsible for atmospheric circulation (e.g. pressure variations, uneven heating of the Earth's surface)
    - A.4.d.ii Describes the effect of prevailing winds on the dispersal of air pollutants in a given region
  - A.4.e Cyclone and anticyclone
    - A.4.e.i Explains the formation of cyclones (low-pressure areas) and anticyclones (high-pressure areas)
  - A.4.f Contamination
    - A.4.f.i Names air contaminants
- A.5 Climate zone
  - A.5.a Factors that influence the distribution of biomes
    - A.5.a.i Describes the geographical and climatic factors that affect the distribution of biomes (e.g. latitude, humidity, temperature, salinity)
  - A.5.b Terrestrial biomes
    - A.5.b.i Describes different terrestrial biomes (e.g. fauna, flora, climate, type of soil)
  - A.5.c Marine biomes
    - A.5.c.i Describes different marine biomes (e.g. fauna, flora, temperature, salinity)
B Geological and geophysical phenomena
- B.1 Geological and geophysical phenomena
  - B.1.i Renewable and nonrenewable energy resources
    - B.1.i.ii Describes technologies used to produce electricity using the energy resources in the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere
    - B.1.i.iii Describes the main impact of the use of energy resources in the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere
C Astronomical phenomena
- C.1 Concepts related to astronomy
  - C.1.b Earth-Moon system
    - C.1.b.i Describes the tides in terms of the gravitational effect of the Earth-Moon system
  - C.1.d Solar energy flow
    - C.1.d.i Describes the main factors that affect the quantity of solar energy that reaches the Earth's surface (e.g. reflection and absorption of solar energy by the atmosphere or surfaces)

The Technological World

A Graphical language
- A.1 Graphical language
  - A.1.f Orthogonal projections
    - A.1.f.v Interprets assembly drawings of technical objects consisting of a small number of parts
  - A.1.i Axonometric projection: exploded view (reading)
    - A.1.i.i Names the characteristics of an exploded view
    - A.1.i.ii Explains the purpose of exploded views (projection accompanying the assembly instructions or specifications for an object)
  - A.1.l Dimensional tolerances
    - A.1.l.i Defines tolerance as the required manufacturing precision (dimensions indicated on the drawing, along with allowances)
B Mechanical engineering
- B.3 Engineering
  - B.3.c Linking of mechanical parts
    - B.3.c.i Describes the characteristics of the links in a technical object (direct or indirect, rigid or flexible, removable or permanent, partial or complete)
    - B.3.c.ii Determines the desirable characteristics of links in the design of a technical object
    - B.3.c.iii Judges the choice of assembly solutions in a technical object
  - B.3.d Degree of freedom of a part
    - B.3.d.i Explains the purpose of limiting motion (degree of freedom) in a technical object (e.g. some hinges limit how far a cupboard door can open, preventing it from hitting the wall)
  - B.3.e Typical functions
    - B.3.e.iii Explains the choice of a type of link in a technical object (e.g. using a screw makes it possible to attach and remove a battery case)
  - B.3.f Guiding controls
    - B.3.f.i Explains the choice of a type of guiding control in a technical object (e.g. the slide guides a drawer and reduces friction)
  - B.3.g Adhesion and friction of parts
    - B.3.g.i Describes the advantages and disadvantages of the adhesion and friction of parts in a technical object
  - B.3.j Construction and characteristics of motion transmission systems
    - B.3.j.i Explains the choice of a motion transmission system in a technical object (e.g. using a gear assembly rather than friction gears to get better engine torque and avoid slipping)
  - B.3.m Construction and characteristics of motion transformation systems
    - B.3.m.i Explains the choice of a motion transformation system (screw gear system, cams, connecting rods, cranks, slides, rotating slider crank mechanisms, rack-and-pinion drive) in a technical object (e.g. most car jacks use a screw gear system rather than a rack-and-pinion system, because the force of the arm on the small crank provides more thrust and because, given that it is nonreversible, the system is safer)
    - B.3.m.ii Explains the choice of a motion transformation system (screw gear, cams, connecting rods, cranks, slider-crank mechanism, rack-and-pinion drive, eccentric) in a technical object
  - B.3.n Speed changes
    - B.3.n.i Uses systems that allow for speed changes in the design of technical objects
C Electrical engineering
- C.1 Electrical engineering
  - C.1.a Power supply
    - C.1.a.i Defines power supply as the ability to generate electrical current
    - C.1.a.ii Determines the source of current in technical objects with an electrical circuit (e.g. chemical battery, solar cell, alternator, thermocouple, piezoelectric)
  - C.1.b Conduction, insulation and protection
    - C.1.b.i Defines conduction as the ability to conduct electricity
    - C.1.b.ii Distinguishes between electrical conductors and insulators in a technical object
    - C.1.b.iii Describes the role of a protective device in a circuit (fuse, breaker)
    - C.1.b.iv Analyzes the factors that affect electrical conductivity (section, length, nature, temperature of conductor)
    - C.1.b.v Uses the colour code to determine the electrical resistance of a resistor
    - C.1.b.vi Describes the operation of a printed circuit
  - C.1.c Control
    - C.1.c.i Defines control as the ability to control the travel of electrical current
    - C.1.c.ii Describes different types of switches (lever, pushbutton, flip-flop, magnetic control)
    - C.1.c.iii Distinguishes between unipolar and bipolar switches
    - C.1.c.iv Distinguishes between unidirectional and bidirectional switches
  - C.1.d Transformation of energy (electricity and light, heat, vibration, magnetism)
    - C.1.d.i Associates the transformation of energy with different components of a circuit (e.g. bulbs transform electrical energy into light and heat)
    - C.1.d.ii Describes the energy transformations that take place in electrical or electronic appliances (e.g. in a cell phone, electricity is transformed into light for the display and vibrations for the sound)
  - C.1.e Other functions
    - C.1.e.i Describes the function of certain electronic components (condenser, diode)
D Materials
- D.2 Mechanical properties of materials
  - D.2.a Constraints
    - D.2.a.ii Describes the constraints to which different technical objects are subject: tension, compression, torsion, deflection, shearing (e.g. a diving board is subject to deflection)
  - D.2.c Characteristics of mechanical properties
    - D.2.c.i Explains the choice of a material based on its properties (e.g. the malleability of aluminum makes it useful for making thin-walled containers)
  - D.2.d Types and properties
    - D.2.d.i Associates the use of different types of materials with their respective properties: Plastics: thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics (e.g. thermoplastics are used for prostheses because of their corrosion resistance and lightness; Bakelite, a thermosetting plastic, is used to mould electrical parts because it is a good electrical insulator); Ceramics (e.g. ceramics are used in ovens because they are very hard and heat and wear resistant); Composites (e.g. carbon fibre is used for hockey sticks because of its hardness, resilience and lightness)
  - D.2.e Modification of properties
    - D.2.e.i Describes different treatments to prevent degradation of materials (e.g. metal plating, antirust treatments, painting)
  - D.2.f Heat treatments
    - D.2.f.i Defines heat treatments as ways of changing the properties of materials (e.g. quenching increases hardness but fragility as well)
E Manufacturing
- E.1 Manufacturing
  - E.1.c Shaping
    - E.1.c.i Machines and tools: Associates shaping processes with the types of materials used (e.g. injection blow moulding is used to shape plastics); Determines the appropriate shaping techniques based on direct observation of technical objects (e.g. some table legs are turned on a lathe)
  - E.1.d Manufacturing
    - E.1.d.i Characteristics of laying out, drilling, tapping and threading: Associates laying out (marking) with saving materials, shaping techniques and the types of materials to be shaped; Describes the characteristics of the tools needed to shape a material to be machined (e.g. the tip of a metal drill is conical, while that of a wood drill is double fluted)
  - E.1.e Measurement
    - E.1.e.i Direct measurement: Explains the purpose of direct measurement (using a ruler) to control the machining of a part; Explains the choice of the direct measurement instrument used (a vernier caliper is more precise than a ruler)
F Biotechnology
- F.1 Biotechnology
  - F.1.a Processes
    - F.1.a.vi Cloning: Defines cloning as a reproductive process that results in an identical copy of an organism, a tissue or a cell, whether genetically modified or not; Describes the main advantages and disadvantages of cloning
    - F.1.a.vii Wastewater treatment: Describes treatments used to decontaminate wastewater
    - F.1.a.viii Biodegradation of pollutants: Describes ways to promote biodegradation of pollutants (e.g. phytoremediation)

Techniques

A Technology
- A.1 Graphic communication
  - A.1.c Drawing diagrams
    - A.1.c.i Chooses the best view to describe a technical object
    - A.1.c.iii Indicates all the information needed to explain the operation or construction of an object
  - A.1.f Constructing a graph using instruments
    - A.1.f.i Uses instruments to construct a graph (e.g. multiview orthogonal projection, isometric representation, perspective drawing)
- A.2 Manufacturing
  - A.2.a Safely using machines and tools
    - A.2.a.ii Uses machine tools safely (band saw, drill, sander)
  - A.2.c Machining and forming
    - A.2.c.v Forms the part in accordance with the steps in the following machining processes: stripping, splicing, soldering
  - A.2.d Finishing
    - A.2.d.iii Grinds, polishes, hammers or chisels metal parts
  - A.2.f Assembling and disassembling
    - A.2.f.iv In the case of electrical circuits, identifies and gathers the electrical components
    - A.2.f.v In the case of electronic circuits, identifies and gathers the electronic components
    - A.2.f.vi Chooses and places the electrical components in sequence based on the circuit diagram
    - A.2.f.vii Chooses and arranges the electronic components based on the circuit diagram
    - A.2.f.viii Connects the components using wire, connectors or solders
  - A.2.g Performing verification and control tasks
    - A.2.g.i Evaluates the dimensions of a part during and after construction using a ruler
    - A.2.g.ii Compares the real dimensions of a part with the specifications (e.g. draft, drawing, technical sheet)
    - A.2.g.iii Uses a template to verify the conformity of a part
    - A.2.g.iv Evaluates the dimensions of a part during and after construction using vernier callipers
  - A.2.h Making a part
    - A.2.h.i Makes a part using the appropriate techniques
B Science
- B.1 Science
  - B.1.a Safely using laboratory materials and equipment
    - B.1.a.i Uses laboratory materials and equipment safely (e.g. allows hotplate to cool, uses beaker tongs)
      - Identify laboratory tools (10-B.1)
      - Identify parts of a light microscope (10-B.2)
    - B.1.a.ii Handles chemicals safely (e.g. uses a spatula and pipette filler)
  - B.1.d Using measuring instruments
    - B.1.d.vi Uses measuring instruments appropriately (e.g. ammeter, volumetric flask)
    - B.1.d.vii Uses vernier calipers appropriately
  - B.1.g Collecting samples
    - B.1.g.i Collects samples appropriately (e.g. sterilizes the container, uses a spatula, refrigerates the sample)
C Techniques common to Science and Technology
- C.1 Techniques common to Science and Technology
  - C.1.a Verifying the repeatability, accuracy and sensitivity of measuring instruments
    - C.1.a.i Takes the same measurement several times to check the repeatability of the instrument used
    - C.1.a.ii Carries out the required operations to ensure the accuracy of a measuring instrument (e.g. cleans and calibrates a balance, dries out a graduated cylinder, rinses and calibrates a pH-meter)
    - C.1.a.iii Chooses a measuring instrument by taking into account the sensitivity of the instrument (e.g. uses a 25-mL graduated cylinder rather than a 100-mL one to measure 18 mL of water)
  - C.1.b Interpreting the results of measurement
    - C.1.b.i Determines the error attributable to a measuring instrument (e.g. the error in a measurement made using a graduated cylinder is provided by the manufacturer or corresponds to half of the smallest division on the scale
    - C.1.b.ii Estimates the errors associated with the user and the environment when taking a measurement
    - C.1.b.iii Expresses a result with a significant number of digits that takes into account the errors related to the measure (e.g. a measurement of 10.35 cm taken with a ruler graduated in millimetres should be expressed as 10.4 cm or 104 mm)

Strategies

A Exploration strategies
- A.16 Collecting as much scientific, technological and contextual information as possible to define a problem or predict patterns
- A.17 Generalizing on the basis of several structurally similar cases
- A.18 Developing various scenarios
- A.19 Considering various points of view on scientific or technological issues
C Analytical strategies
- C.4 Reasoning by analogy in order to process information and adapt scientific and technological knowledge
- C.5 Selecting relevant criteria to help him or her determine where he or she stands on a scientific or technological issue

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The Material World

A Properties

A.3 Properties of solutions

A.3.d Concentration

A.3.d.iv Determines the concentration of an aqueous solution (g/L, percentage or ppm)

A.3.d.v Determines the concentration of an aqueous solution (g/L, percentage, ppm, mol/L)

A.3.e Electrolytes

A.3.e.i Defines the concept of electrolyte

A.3.f Strength of electrolytes

A.3.f.i Qualitatively speaking, associates the strength of an electrolyte with its degree of dissociation

A.3.g pH scale

A.3.g.i Describes the pH scale (acidity, alkalinity, neutrality, increasing and decreasing values)

A.3.g.ii Determines the pH of a few common substances (e.g. distilled water, rainwater, saliva, lemon juice, cleaners)

A.3.h Electrolytic dissociation

A.3.h.i Describes electrolytic dissociation

A.3.i Ions

A.3.i.i Defines the concept of ion

A.3.j Electrical conductivity

A.3.j.i Describes the mechanism that allows aqueous solutions to conduct electricity (electrolytic dissolution of a solute, formation of mobile ions)

B Changes

B.3 Chemical changes

B.3.c Oxidation

B.3.c.iii Associates a chemical equation in which oxygen is one of the reactants with one of the possible cases of an oxidation reaction

B.3.e Combustion

B.3.e.i Describes the perceivable manifestations of rapid combustion (e.g. heat, light)

B.3.e.ii Explains a combustion reaction using the fire triangle

B.3.f Photosynthesis and respiration

B.3.g Acid-base neutralization reaction

B.3.g.i Gives examples of acid-base neutralization reactions (e.g. adding lime to neutralize the acidity of a lake)

B.3.g.ii Names the products formed during acid-base neutralization (salt and water)

B.3.g.iii Recognizes an acid-base neutralization from its equation

B.3.h Salts

B.3.h.i Determines the molecular formula of the salt produced by the neutralization of a given acid and a given base

B.3.i Types of bonds

B.3.i.i Covalent: Defines a covalent bond as a bond resulting from a sharing of electrons; Makes a schematic representation of a covalent bond; Identifies molecules that feature a covalent bond (e.g. N2, CO2)

B.3.i.ii Ionic: Defines an ionic bond as a bond resulting from the gain or loss of electrons; Makes a schematic representation of an ionic bond; Identifies molecules that feature an ionic bond (e.g. NaCl, NH4OH); Associates an ionic bond with an electrolytic substance

B.3.j Law of conservation of mass

B.3.j.i Explains the law of conservation of mass during a chemical reaction

B.3.j.ii Represents the conservation of mass using the particle model

B.3.k Balancing chemical equations

B.3.k.i Balances chemical equations

B.3.l Stoichiometry

B.3.l.i Determines the quantities of reactants or products using stoichiometric calculations (gram or mole)

B.3.m Endothermic and exothermic reactions

B.3.m.i Distinguishes an endothermic reaction from an exothermic reaction according to perceptible signs (e.g. temperature variations, emission of light)

B.3.m.ii Distinguishes an endothermic reaction from an exothermic reaction according to the position of the energy term in the chemical equation

B.4 Nuclear changes

B.4.a Nuclear stability

B.4.a.i Explains nuclear stability as the case where the nucleus of the atom is held together by an optimal number of neutrons

B.4.b Radioactivity

B.4.b.i Defines radioactivity as the emission of particles or energy by the nuclei of atoms following nuclear transformations

B.4.b.ii Associates the use of radioactivity with technological applications (e.g. radiotherapy, dating)

B.4.c Fission and fusion

B.4.c.i Distinguishes nuclear fission from nuclear fusion

B.5 Transformation of energy

B.5.b Law of conservation of energy

B.5.b.i Explains qualitatively the law of conservation of energy

B.5.b.ii Applies the law of conservation of energy in different contexts

B.5.c Energy efficiency

B.5.c.i Defines the energy efficiency of a device or system as the proportion of energy consumed that is transformed into effective work (amount of useful energy / amount of energy consumed × 100)

B.5.c.ii Explains how to improve the energy efficiency of an electrical appliance

B.5.d Distinction between heat and temperature

B.5.d.i Describes heat as a manifestation of energy

B.5.d.ii Describes the relationship between heat and temperature

B.5.e Relationship between thermal energy, specific heat capacity, mass and temperature variation

B.5.e.i Describes qualitatively the relationship between the change in thermal energy (quantity of heat) of a substance, its mass, its specific heat capacity and the variations in temperature to which it is exposed

B.5.e.ii Applies the mathematical relationship between thermal energy, mass, specific heat capacity and temperature variation (∆E = Q = mc∆T)

B.5.f Effective force

B.5.f.i Defines effective force as the component of the applied force parallel to the direction of travel

B.5.f.ii Determines graphically the magnitude of the effective force in a given situation

B.5.g Relationship between work, force and distance travelled

B.5.g.i Describes qualitatively the relationship between the work done, the force applied on a body and the distance travelled by the body

B.5.g.ii Applies the mathematical relationship between work, effective force and distance travelled (W = F∆d)

B.5.h Relationship between mass and weight

B.5.h.i Describes qualitatively the relationship between mass and weight

B.5.h.ii Applies the mathematical relationship between mass and weight (Fg = mg)

B.5.i Relationship between potential energy, mass, acceleration and distance travelled

B.3.i.i Covalent: Defines a covalent bond as a bond resulting from a sharing of electrons; Makes a schematic representation of a covalent bond; Identifies molecules that feature a covalent bond (e.g. N₂, CO₂)

B.3.i.ii Ionic: Defines an ionic bond as a bond resulting from the gain or loss of electrons; Makes a schematic representation of an ionic bond; Identifies molecules that feature an ionic bond (e.g. NaCl, NH₄OH); Associates an ionic bond with an electrolytic substance

B.5.h.ii Applies the mathematical relationship between mass and weight (F_g = mg)

B.5.i.ii Applies the mathematical relationship between potential energy, mass, gravitational acceleration and the distance travelled (E_p = mgh)

B.5.j.ii Applies the mathematical relationship between kinetic energy, mass and speed (E_k = ¹/₂mv²)

C.1.m.i Recognizes the common polyatomic ions (e.g. NH₄⁺, OH^-, NO₃^-, CO₃^2-, SO₄^2-, PO₄^3- ) by their name, their formula or their composition