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Skills available for Quebec grade 9 science curriculum

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The Material World

A Properties
- A.2 Characteristic physical properties
  - A.2.a Melting point
    - A.2.a.i Identifies a substance by its melting point using a reference document
  - A.2.b Boiling point
    - A.2.b.i Identifies a substance by its boiling point using a reference document
  - A.2.c Density
    - A.2.c.i Explains the concept of density
    - A.2.c.ii Determines the density of different substances
      - Calculate density, mass and volume (8-D.1)
    - A.2.c.iii Identifies liquid and solid substances by their density using a reference document
  - A.2.d Solubility
    - A.2.d.i Defines the concept of solubility
    - A.2.d.ii Describes the effect of variations in temperature on the solubility of a substance
      - Solve problems using solubility curves (9-S.2)
- A.3 Properties of solutions
  - A.3.b Solute
    - A.3.b.i Recognizes the solute in a given aqueous solution
  - A.3.c Solvent
    - A.3.c.i Recognizes the solvent in a given aqueous solution (e.g. lymph, tears, cell plasma, urine)
  - A.3.d Concentration
    - A.3.d.i Defines the concept of the concentration of a solution
      - Compare concentrations of solutions (9-S.1)
    - A.3.d.ii Describes the effect of variations in the quantity of solute or solvent on a solution's concentration
      - Compare concentrations of solutions (9-S.1)
    - A.3.d.iii Determines the concentration of an aqueous solution (g/L or percentage)
- A.4 Characteristic chemical properties
  - A.4.a Reaction to indicators
    - A.4.a.i Recognizes a substance by its characteristic chemical properties (e.g. starch turns blue in the presence of an iodine solution, acidic solutions turn bromothymol blue yellow)
B Changes
- B.1 Changes in matter
  - B.1.e Particle model
    - B.1.e.i Defines the particle model as a means of representing the behaviour of matter
    - B.1.e.ii Describes the particle model in terms of the qualities and limitations of a scientific model
- B.2 Physical changes
  - B.2.b Dissolution
    - B.2.b.i Explains dissolution using the particle model
  - B.2.c Dilution
    - B.2.c.i Explains dilution in terms of concentration and volume
    - B.2.c.ii Determines the final volume or concentration of an aqueous solution after dilution (e.g. when the volume of solvent is doubled, the concentration of the solution decreases by half)
  - B.2.d Phase changes
    - B.2.d.i Compares the arrangement of particles in a substance in a solid, liquid or gaseous form
    - B.2.d.ii Explains phase changes using the particle model
- B.3 Chemical changes
  - B.3.a Chemical changes
    - B.3.a.iv Names chemical changes that occur in the human body (e.g. respiration, digestion)
  - B.3.b Decomposition and synthesis
    - B.3.b.i Represents a decomposition or synthesis reaction using the particle model
    - B.3.b.ii Associates known chemical reactions with decomposition or synthesis reactions (e.g. respiration, photosynthesis, combustion, digestion)
  - B.3.c Oxidation
    - B.3.c.i Represents an oxidation reaction using the particle model
    - B.3.c.ii Associates known chemical reactions with oxidation reactions (e.g. combustion, corrosion)
  - B.3.d Precipitation
    - B.3.d.i Describes the visible manifestation of precipitation (formation of a solid deposit when two aqueous solutions are mixed)
    - B.3.d.ii Represents a precipitation reaction using the particle model
- B.5 Transformation of energy
  - B.5.a Forms of energy
    - B.5.a.i Describes different forms of energy (chemical, thermal, mechanical, radiation)
    - B.5.a.ii Identifies the forms of energy involved in a transformation (e.g. electrical to thermal in a toaster, electrical to radiation in an infrared lamp)
    - B.5.a.iii Defines joule as the unit of measurement for energy
C Organization
- C.1 Structure of matter
  - C.1.e Pure substance
    - C.1.e.i Defines a pure substance as a substance made up of a single type of atom or molecule
    - C.1.e.ii Distinguishes between elements (e.g. iron, dioxygen, sodium) and compounds (e.g. water, carbon dioxide, glucose)
      - Classify elementary substances and compounds using models (9-O.6)
      - Classify matter using physical and chemical properties (10-O.1)
  - C.1.f Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures
    - C.1.f.i Describes homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures in the human body (e.g. lymph, blood, urine)
D Fluids
- D.1 Fluids
  - D.1.a Pressure
    - D.1.a.i Defines pressure as the force exerted by particles when they collide with a constricting surface
    - D.1.a.ii Describes qualitatively the main factors that affect the pressure exerted by a fluid
      - How does particle motion affect gas pressure? (8-F.3)
      - Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure (8-F.4)
  - D.1.b Compressible and incompressible fluids
    - D.1.b.i Distinguishes between compressible and incompressible fluids
    - D.1.b.ii Names compressible fluids (e.g. air) and incompressible fluids (e.g. blood) in the human body
    - D.1.b.iii Explains how fluids move around in the human body, using the concept of pressure
  - D.1.c Relationship between pressure and volume
    - D.1.c.i Qualitatively describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas (e.g. inhaling and exhaling, bicycle pump)
E Waves
- E.1 Waves
  - E.1.a Frequency
    - E.1.a.i Defines the frequency of a wave as the number of cycles per second (Hz)
    - E.1.a.ii Associates the frequency of a sound wave with the pitch of the sound (e.g. a low-frequency wave produces a low-pitched sound)
  - E.1.b Wavelength
    - E.1.b.i Defines wavelength as the distance between two identical points on a wave at a given time (e.g. distance between crests)
    - E.1.b.ii Describes the relationship between wavelength and energy (e.g. X-rays, which are high-energy waves, have a short wavelength)
      - Electromagnetic waves (8-G.5)
  - E.1.c Amplitude
    - E.1.c.i Defines the amplitude of a sound wave as the loudness of the sound
  - E.1.d Decibel scale
    - E.1.d.i Locates on the decibel scale levels dangerous to the human ear based on duration or frequency of exposure
  - E.1.e Electromagnetic spectrum
    - E.1.e.i Locates different areas on the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g. radio waves, visible light, X-rays)
    - E.1.e.ii Describes different applications of electromagnetic waves in the health care sector (e.g. X-rays, infrared optical imaging)
      - Electromagnetic waves (8-G.5)
  - E.1.f Deviation of light waves
    - E.1.f.i Describes how light rays are deviated by a plane reflective surface
    - E.1.f.ii Determines the angle of reflection of a light ray on the surface of a plane mirror
    - E.1.f.iii Describes how light rays are deviated when they pass through the surface of a translucent substance
  - E.1.g Focal point of a lens
    - E.1.g.i Determines the focal point of concave and convex lenses
    - E.1.g.ii Describes the relationship between the focal point of a lens and the degree of deviation of light rays in different situations (e.g. accommodation of the crystalline lens, choice of corrective lenses)

The Living World

C Tissues, organs and systems
- C.1 Tissues, organs and systems
  - C.1.a Tissues
    - C.1.a.i Defines a tissue as a set of identical or different cells that work together to perform a common function in an organism
      - Organization in the human body: the heart and the circulatory system (9-F.1)
  - C.1.b Organs
    - C.1.b.i Defines an organ as a differentiated part of an organism that performs one or more specific functions
      - Organization in the human body: the heart and the circulatory system (9-F.1)
  - C.1.c Systems
    - C.1.c.i Defines a biological system as a set of cells, tissues or organs that perform one or more common functions
      - Organization in the human body: the heart and the circulatory system (9-F.1)
    - C.1.c.ii Describes the main functions performed by the human body (nutrition, relationships, reproduction)
      - Organization in the human body: the heart and the circulatory system (9-F.1)
      - Homeostasis and feedback loops (9-F.2)
D Systems: Nutrition
- D.1 Digestive system
  - D.1.a Digestive tract
    - D.1.a.i Names the main parts of the digestive tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus)
    - D.1.a.ii Explains the role of the digestive tract (decomposition of food, absorption of nutrients and water, elimination of waste)
    - D.1.a.iii Describes the functions of the main organs that make up the digestive tract (mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine)
  - D.1.b Digestive glands
    - D.1.b.i Names the main digestive glands (salivary glands, gastric glands, pancreas, liver, intestinal glands)
    - D.1.b.ii Describes the function of the main digestive glands (e.g. secretion of saliva, gastric enzymes, digestive juices, bile)
  - D.1.c Types of foods
    - D.1.c.i Describes the main biological functions of the different food constituents (water, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals)
    - D.1.c.ii Associates food constituents with their main sources (e.g. proteins with meat and meat substitutes)
  - D.1.d Energy value of different foods
    - D.1.d.i Evaluates the energy and nutritional value of different foods
  - D.1.e Transformation of food
    - D.1.e.i Describes the two types of transformation of food that take place in the digestive system (mechanical, chemical)
    - D.1.e.ii Associates the organs in the digestive tract with the type of transformation they perform (e.g. mechanical action of teeth, chemical action of glands)
- D.2 Respiratory and circulatory systems
  - D.2.a Respiratory system
    - D.2.a.i Names the main parts of the respiratory system (nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs)
    - D.2.a.ii Explains the role of the respiratory system (gaseous exchanges between the blood and the surrounding air)
    - D.2.a.iii Describes the function of the nasal cavity and lungs
  - D.2.b Functions of blood constituents
    - D.2.b.i Describes the main function of plasma (transportation of the blood's soluble and formed elements)
    - D.2.b.ii Names the formed elements of the blood (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets)
    - D.2.b.iii Describes the main function of the formed elements of the blood
  - D.2.c Compatibility of blood types
    - D.2.c.i Determines the compatibility or incompatibility of blood types (e.g. an individual with type A- blood can only receive type O- or type A- blood)
  - D.2.d Circulatory system
    - D.2.d.i Names the main parts of the circulatory system (heart, types of blood vessels, pulmonary and systemic circulation)
      - Organization in the human body: the heart and the circulatory system (9-F.1)
    - D.2.d.ii Explains the role of the circulatory system (transportation and exchange of gases, nutrients and waste)
      - Organization in the human body: the heart and the circulatory system (9-F.1)
    - D.2.d.iii Describes the function of the main parts of the circulatory system (heart, arteries and veins, capillaries)
      - Organization in the human body: the heart and the circulatory system (9-F.1)
  - D.2.e Lymphatic system
    - D.2.e.i Names the main parts of the lymphatic system (lymph, antibodies)
    - D.2.e.ii Explains the role of the lymphatic system (circulation of antibodies outside the blood vessels)
    - D.2.e.iii Describes two ways of acquiring active immunity (production of antibodies, vaccination)
- D.3 Excretory system
  - D.3.a Urinary system
    - D.3.a.i Names the main parts of the urinary system (kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra)
    - D.3.a.ii Explains the role of the excretory system (filtration of the blood, elimination of cellular waste)
    - D.3.a.iii Describes the function of the kidneys and bladder
  - D.3.b Components of urine
    - D.3.b.i Names the main components of urine (water, mineral salts, urea)
  - D.3.c Maintaining a balanced metabolism
    - D.3.c.i Explains the role of the kidneys, lungs and sweat glands in maintaining a balanced metabolism
D Systems: Relationships
- D.1 Nervous and musculoskeletal systems
  - D.1.a Central nervous system
    - D.1.a.i Identifies the parts of the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord)
      - Science literacy: how does the nervous system produce phantom pain? (9-F.3)
    - D.1.a.ii Explains the role of the central nervous system (e.g. to manage complex behaviours and process sensory information and the related responses)
      - Science literacy: how does the nervous system produce phantom pain? (9-F.3)
    - D.1.a.iii Describes the functions of the brain and the spinal cord
      - Science literacy: how does the nervous system produce phantom pain? (9-F.3)
  - D.1.b Peripheral nervous system
    - D.1.b.i Neuron: Names the main parts of a neuron (synapse, axon, dendrites); Explains the role of the peripheral nervous system (transportation of nerve impulses from the senses to the brain and from the brain to the muscles)
      - Science literacy: how does the nervous system produce phantom pain? (9-F.3)
    - D.1.b.ii Neural inflow: Associates nerves with the transmission of nerve impulses; Distinguishes between voluntary acts and reflex arcs
      - Science literacy: how does the nervous system produce phantom pain? (9-F.3)
  - D.1.c Sensory receptors
    - D.1.c.i Eye: Names the parts of the eye involved in vision (iris, cornea, crystalline lens, retina); Describes the function of the main parts of the eye
    - D.1.c.ii Ear: Names the main parts of the ear involved in hearing and balance (auditory canal, ear drum, ossicles, cochlea, semicircular canals); Describes the function of the main parts of the ear involved in hearing; Describes the role of the semicircular canals in maintaining balance
    - D.1.c.iii Tongue: Describes the function of the taste buds on the tongue (transformation and transmission of flavours: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami)
    - D.1.c.iv Nose: Names the parts of the nose involved in smelling (nasal cavity, olfactory bulb); Describes the function of the olfactory bulb
    - D.1.c.v Skin: Describes the function of the skin's sensory receptors (transformation and transmission of feelings of pressure, temperature and pain)
  - D.1.d Musculoskeletal system
    - D.1.d.i Function of bones, joints and muscles: Names the main parts of the skeleton (head, thorax, spinal column, upper and lower limbs); Describes the functions of the main parts of the skeleton (e.g. the spinal column protects the spinal cord and allows the trunk to move); Explains the role of the musculoskeletal system; Describes how pairs of antagonistic muscles work (e.g. biceps, triceps); Describes how joints work (linking bone to bone, mobility)
    - D.1.d.ii Types of muscles: Associates the different types of muscles (smooth, skeletal, heart) with the tissues in which they are found
    - D.1.d.iii Types of joint movement: Describes types of joint movement (e.g. flexion, rotation)
E Survival of species
- E.2 Cell division
  - E.2.a DNA
    - E.2.a.i Describes the shape of DNA (double helix)
    - E.2.a.ii Explains the role of DNA (a molecule bearing the organism's genetic code)
      - Introduction to the genetic code (9-I.1)
  - E.2.b Mitosis
    - E.2.b.i Describes the functions of mitosis (reproduction, growth, regeneration)
  - E.2.c Meiosis and sexual development (meiosis, fertilization)
    - E.2.c.i Describes the function of meiosis (production of gametes)
      - Sexual reproduction and genetic variation: part I (9-J.1)
      - Sexual reproduction and genetic variation: part II (9-J.2)
    - E.2.c.ii Indicates the advantages of sexual development (e.g. blending of genes from both parents, difference between descendants and their parents)
      - Sexual reproduction and genetic variation: part I (9-J.1)
      - Sexual reproduction and genetic variation: part II (9-J.2)
  - E.2.d Functions of cell division
    - E.2.d.i Distinguishes between mitosis and meiosis based on their functions
  - E.2.e Genetic diversity
    - E.2.e.i Associates genetic diversity with sexual reproduction
      - Sexual reproduction and genetic variation: part I (9-J.1)
      - Sexual reproduction and genetic variation: part II (9-J.2)
E Survival of species: Reproduction
- E.1 Reproductive system
  - E.1.a Puberty (male and female)
    - E.1.a.i Describes physical and psychological changes that occur at puberty (e.g. appearance of body hair, voice change, ability to procreate, need for independence)
  - E.1.b Hormone regulation in men
    - E.1.b.i Spermatogenesis: Names the hormones responsible for the formation of spermatozoa (follicle stimulating hormone [FSH], luteinizing hormone [LH], testosterone)
    - E.1.b.ii Erection: Describes the physiology of erection
    - E.1.b.iii Ejaculation: Explains the function of ejaculation in reproduction
  - E.1.c Hormone regulation in women
    - E.1.c.i Oogenesis: Names the hormones responsible for the maturation of the ovarian follicle (FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone)
    - E.1.c.ii Ovarian cycle: Describes the hormone changes that occur during the menstrual cycle
    - E.1.c.iii Menstrual cycle: Describes the main stages in the menstrual cycle (e.g. menstruation, endometrium development, ovulation)

The Earth and Space

A Characteristics of the Earth
- A.2 Lithosphere
  - A.2.c Stratigraphic layers
    - A.2.c.i Explains the formation of strata in terms of the layering of sediment (e.g. recent layers are deposited on older layers)
      - How do rock layers form? (7-R.4)
  - A.2.d Geological time scale
    - A.2.d.i Places in order the main divisions of the geological time scale (Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic)
    - A.2.d.ii Describes events associated with the main divisions of the geological time scale (e.g. formation of oceans in the Precambrian Era, reign of the reptiles and dinosaurs in the Mesozoic Era)
  - A.2.e Major stages in the history of life on Earth
    - A.2.e.i Locates the appearance or evolution of living organisms (e.g. bacteria, plants, fish, hominids) on the geological time scale
  - A.2.f Extinctions
    - A.2.f.i Locates periods of mass extinction of certain species on the geological time scale (e.g. disappearance of a large portion of marine life in the Paleozoic Era)
  - A.2.g Fossils
    - A.2.g.i Defines fossils as traces of organisms preserved for the most part in sedimentary rock
    - A.2.g.ii Explains the usefulness of fossils in dating stratigraphic layers
      - Compare ages of fossils in a rock sequence (7-K.2)
C Astronomical phenomena
- C.3 Space
  - C.3.a Scale of the universe
    - C.3.a.i Astronomical unit: Defines an astronomical unit as the unit of length corresponding to the average distance between the Earth and the Sun
    - C.3.a.ii Light year: Defines light year as a unit of length corresponding to the distance travelled by light in one Earth year
      - Structure of the universe (9-Y.8)
    - C.3.a.iii Location of the Earth in the universe: Compares the relative distance between different celestial bodies (e.g. stars, nebulae, galaxies)
      - Structure of the universe (9-Y.8)
  - C.3.b Conditions conducive to the development of life
    - C.3.b.i Describes conditions conducive to the development or maintenance of life (e.g. presence of a gaseous atmosphere, water, energy source)

The Technological World

A Graphical language
- A.1 Graphical language
  - A.1.c Standards and representations
    - A.1.c.i Chooses the appropriate type of diagram for a given representation (e.g. uses a construction diagram to represent assembly solutions, a diagram of principles to represent the operation of an object)
    - A.1.c.ii Represents different types of motion related to the operation of an object using the appropriate symbols (rectilinear translation, rotation, helical)
  - A.1.d Geometric lines
    - A.1.d.i Associates a drawing with a combination of geometric lines (e.g. the drawing of a rounded corner of a table is an arc joined to two sides of a right angle)
  - A.1.e Basic lines
    - A.1.e.i Names basic lines in a drawing (visible contour, hidden contour, centre, extension, dimension lines)
    - A.1.e.ii Associates the basic lines in a drawing with the contours and details of a simple part
  - A.1.f Orthogonal projections
    - A.1.f.i Associates the types of projection with their use (multiview and isometric projections)
    - A.1.f.ii Interprets drawings representing parts in multiview orthogonal projection
    - A.1.f.iii Represents simple shapes in multiview orthogonal projection
    - A.1.f.iv Represents simple shapes in isometric projection
  - A.1.g Scales
    - A.1.g.i Associates scales with their use (actual-size representation, reduction or enlargement of an object)
    - A.1.g.ii Chooses a simple scale for a drawing (e.g. 1 : 1, 1 : 2, 5 : 1)
    - A.1.g.iii Takes the scale into account when interpreting drawings
  - A.1.h Forms of representation
    - A.1.h.i Defines perspective drawing, oblique projection and axonometric projection
    - A.1.h.ii Sketches simple objects freehand using different forms of representation
  - A.1.j Cross-sectional views
    - A.1.j.i Describes the purpose of cross-sectional views in technical drafting
    - A.1.j.ii Interprets a technical drawing with cross-sectional views
    - A.1.j.iii Represents a simple shape in a cross-sectional view
  - A.1.k Dimensioning
    - A.1.k.i Describes the main dimensioning rules (e.g. to make a drawing easy to read, avoid crossing dimensioning lines)
    - A.1.k.ii Interprets technical drawings including the dimensions required for manufacturing purposes
B Mechanical engineering
- B.3 Engineering
  - B.3.b Typical mechanical links
    - B.3.b.i Describes the advantages and disadvantages of different types of links
    - B.3.b.ii Names the types of links used in a technical object (e.g. the spiral link between a jar and its lid)
  - B.3.c Linking of mechanical parts
    - B.3.c.i Describes the characteristics of the links in a technical object (direct or indirect, rigid or flexible, removable or permanent, partial or complete)
    - B.3.c.ii Determines the desirable characteristics of links in the design of a technical object
    - B.3.c.iii Judges the choice of assembly solutions in a technical object
  - B.3.e Typical functions
    - B.3.e.i Defines the typical functions (linking, guiding, sealing, lubricating)
    - B.3.e.ii Associates a typical function with certain parts of a technical object
  - B.3.i Function, components and use of motion transmission systems
    - B.3.i.i Names motion transmission systems in technical objects (friction gears, pulleys and belt, gear assembly, sprocket wheels and chain, wheel and worm gear)
    - B.3.i.ii Describes the functions of the components of a motion transmission system (e.g. in a bicycle, the gear assembly on the crankset is the driving unit, the sprocket wheel on the rear wheel is the receiving unit, and the chain is the intermediate unit)
    - B.3.i.iii Describes the speed changes or reversibility of a motion transmission system (e.g. a sprocket wheel that is replaced by a smaller wheel or a wheel with fewer teeth increases rotation speed)
  - B.3.l Function, components and use of motion transformation systems
    - B.3.l.i Names motion transformation systems in technical objects (e.g. screw gear system, cam and roller, connecting rod and crank, rack and pinion)
    - B.3.l.ii Describes the functions of the components of a motion transformation system (e.g. in a double-lever corkscrew, the pinion is the driving unit and the rack is the receiving unit)
    - B.3.l.iii Describes speed changes or the reversibility of a motion transformation system (e.g. the cam and roller is a nonreversible motion transformation system)
D Materials
- D.2 Mechanical properties of materials
  - D.2.a Constraints
    - D.2.a.i Describes the constraints to which different technical objects are subject: tension, compression, torsion (e.g. the top of a beam is subject to compression)
  - D.2.b Mechanical properties
    - D.2.b.i Describes the mechanical properties of different materials (hardness, ductility, elasticity, malleability, corrosion resistance)
  - D.2.d Types and properties
    - D.2.d.i Associates the use of different types of materials with their respective properties: Ferrous alloys (cast iron is harder than steel); Nonferrous metals and alloys (the wire used in a dental appliance can be made of a nickel and titanium alloy, which has shape memory); Wood and modified wood (e.g. oak is used for flooring because it is a hard wood that is shock and wear resistant)
F Biotechnology
- F.1 Biotechnology
  - F.1.a Processes
    - F.1.a.i Pasteurization: Describes the pasteurization process; Describes the purpose of pasteurization (preservation of food and its nutritional properties)
    - F.1.a.ii Manufacture of vaccines: Describes the process for manufacturing vaccines
    - F.1.a.iii Assisted reproduction: Describes different assisted-reproduction processes; Describes the purpose of artificial insemination (animal reproduction, an answer to human infertility, preservation of the gene pool)
    - F.1.a.iv Cell cultures: Names parameters to be controlled in the case of cultured cells (sources of mother cells, growth, preservation, characteristics of cell media, ethical standards)
    - F.1.a.v Genetic transformation (genetically modified organisms): Names the main advantages and disadvantages of genetic transformation

Techniques

A Technology
- A.1 Graphic communication
  - A.1.d Using scales
    - A.1.d.iii Dimensions multiview orthogonal projections in accordance with the main dimensioning rules
B Science
- B.1 Science
  - B.1.f Preparing solutions
    - B.1.f.i Prepares an aqueous solution of a specific concentration given a solid solute
    - B.1.f.ii Prepares an aqueous solution of a specific concentration given a concentrated aqueous solution

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The Material World

A Properties

A.2 Characteristic physical properties

A.2.a Melting point

A.2.a.i Identifies a substance by its melting point using a reference document

A.2.b Boiling point

A.2.b.i Identifies a substance by its boiling point using a reference document

A.2.c Density

A.2.c.i Explains the concept of density

A.2.c.ii Determines the density of different substances

A.2.c.iii Identifies liquid and solid substances by their density using a reference document

A.2.d Solubility

A.2.d.i Defines the concept of solubility

A.2.d.ii Describes the effect of variations in temperature on the solubility of a substance

A.3 Properties of solutions

A.3.b Solute

A.3.b.i Recognizes the solute in a given aqueous solution

A.3.c Solvent

A.3.c.i Recognizes the solvent in a given aqueous solution (e.g. lymph, tears, cell plasma, urine)

A.3.d Concentration

A.3.d.i Defines the concept of the concentration of a solution

A.3.d.ii Describes the effect of variations in the quantity of solute or solvent on a solution's concentration

A.3.d.iii Determines the concentration of an aqueous solution (g/L or percentage)

A.4 Characteristic chemical properties

A.4.a Reaction to indicators

A.4.a.i Recognizes a substance by its characteristic chemical properties (e.g. starch turns blue in the presence of an iodine solution, acidic solutions turn bromothymol blue yellow)

B Changes

B.1 Changes in matter

B.1.e Particle model

B.1.e.i Defines the particle model as a means of representing the behaviour of matter

B.1.e.ii Describes the particle model in terms of the qualities and limitations of a scientific model

B.2 Physical changes

B.2.b Dissolution

B.2.b.i Explains dissolution using the particle model

B.2.c Dilution

B.2.c.i Explains dilution in terms of concentration and volume

B.2.c.ii Determines the final volume or concentration of an aqueous solution after dilution (e.g. when the volume of solvent is doubled, the concentration of the solution decreases by half)

B.2.d Phase changes

B.2.d.i Compares the arrangement of particles in a substance in a solid, liquid or gaseous form

B.2.d.ii Explains phase changes using the particle model

B.3 Chemical changes

B.3.a Chemical changes

B.3.a.iv Names chemical changes that occur in the human body (e.g. respiration, digestion)

B.3.b Decomposition and synthesis

B.3.b.i Represents a decomposition or synthesis reaction using the particle model

B.3.b.ii Associates known chemical reactions with decomposition or synthesis reactions (e.g. respiration, photosynthesis, combustion, digestion)

B.3.c Oxidation

B.3.c.i Represents an oxidation reaction using the particle model

B.3.c.ii Associates known chemical reactions with oxidation reactions (e.g. combustion, corrosion)

B.3.d Precipitation

B.3.d.i Describes the visible manifestation of precipitation (formation of a solid deposit when two aqueous solutions are mixed)

B.3.d.ii Represents a precipitation reaction using the particle model

B.5 Transformation of energy

B.5.a Forms of energy

B.5.a.i Describes different forms of energy (chemical, thermal, mechanical, radiation)

B.5.a.ii Identifies the forms of energy involved in a transformation (e.g. electrical to thermal in a toaster, electrical to radiation in an infrared lamp)

B.5.a.iii Defines joule as the unit of measurement for energy

C Organization

C.1 Structure of matter

C.1.e Pure substance

C.1.e.i Defines a pure substance as a substance made up of a single type of atom or molecule

C.1.e.ii Distinguishes between elements (e.g. iron, dioxygen, sodium) and compounds (e.g. water, carbon dioxide, glucose)

C.1.f Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures

C.1.f.i Describes homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures in the human body (e.g. lymph, blood, urine)

D Fluids

D.1 Fluids

D.1.a Pressure

D.1.a.i Defines pressure as the force exerted by particles when they collide with a constricting surface

D.1.a.ii Describes qualitatively the main factors that affect the pressure exerted by a fluid

D.1.b Compressible and incompressible fluids

D.1.b.i Distinguishes between compressible and incompressible fluids

D.1.b.ii Names compressible fluids (e.g. air) and incompressible fluids (e.g. blood) in the human body

D.1.b.iii Explains how fluids move around in the human body, using the concept of pressure

D.1.c Relationship between pressure and volume

D.1.c.i Qualitatively describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas (e.g. inhaling and exhaling, bicycle pump)

E Waves

E.1 Waves